# Proxima Centauri b

Exoplanet Parent star Physical characteristics List of exoplanets Artist's conception of Proxima Centauri b as a rocky-like exoplanet, with Proxima Centauri and the Alpha Centauri binary system in the background. The actual appearance of the planet is unknown. Star Proxima Centauri Constellation Centaurus Right ascension (α) 14h 29m 42.94853s Declination (δ) −62° 40′ 46.1631″ Apparent magnitude (mV) 11.13 Distance 4.224 ly(1.295[1] pc) Spectral type M6Ve[2] Mass (m) 0.123 (± 0.006)[3] M☉ Radius (r) 0.141 (± 0.007)[4] R☉ Temperature (T) 3042 (± 117)[3] K Metallicity [Fe/H] 0.21[5] Age 4.85[6] Gyr Minimum mass (m sin i) 1.27+0.19−0.17[1] M⊕ Radius (r) 0.8–1.5 [7] R⊕ Stellar flux (F⊙) 0.65[1] ⊕ Temperature (T) 234 K (−39 °C; −38 °F) Semi-major axis (a) 0.0485+0.0041−0.0051[1] AU Eccentricity (e) <0.35[1] Orbital period (P) 11.186+0.001−0.002[1] d Argument ofperiastron (ω) 310 (± 50)[1]° Semi-amplitude (K) 1.38 (± 0.21)[1] m/s Discovery date 24 August 2016 Discoverer(s) Anglada-Escudé (ca) et al. Discovery method Doppler spectroscopy Discovery site European Southern Observatory Discovery status Confirmed Alpha Centauri Cb, Proxima b, GL 551 b, HIP 70890 b Database references Extrasolar PlanetsEncyclopaedia data SIMBAD data Exoplanet Archive data Open Exoplanet Catalogue data

Proxima Centauri b (also called Proxima b[8][9] or Alpha Centauri Cb) is an exoplanet orbiting in the habitable zone of the red dwarf star Proxima Centauri, which is the closest star to the Sun and part of a triple star system.[10][11] It is located about 4.2 light-years (1.3 parsecs, 40 trillion km, or 25 trillion miles) from Earth in the constellation of Centaurus, making it the closest known exoplanet to the Solar System.

Proxima Centauri b orbits the star at a distance of roughly 0.05 AU (7,500,000 km; 4,600,000 mi) with an orbital period of approximately 11.2 Earth days, and has an estimated mass of at least 1.3 times that of the Earth. Its habitability has not been established, though it is unlikely to be habitable since the planet is subject to stellar wind pressures of more than 2,000 times those experienced by Earth from the solar wind.[12][13][14]

The discovery of the planet was announced in August 2016 by the European Southern Observatory.[1][10] The planet was found using the radial velocity method, where periodic Doppler shifts of spectral lines of the host star suggest an orbiting object. From these readings, the radial velocity of the parent star relative to the Earth is varying with an amplitude of about 1.4 metres (4.5 feet) per second.[1] According to Guillem Anglada‐Escudé, its proximity to Earth offers an opportunity for robotic exploration of the planet with the Starshot project[10][11] or, at least, "in the coming centuries".[11]

Without the inclination of its orbit known, the exact mass of Proxima Centauri b is unknown. If its orbit is nearly edge-on, it would have a mass of 1.27+0.19
−0.17
Earth masses. Statistically, there is a roughly 90% chance that the planet's mass is less than 8.1+1.2
−1.0
Earth masses.

## Characteristics

The apparent inclination of Proxima Centauri b's orbit has not yet been measured. The minimum mass of Proxima b is 1.27 M, which would be the actual mass if its orbit were seen edge on from the Earth.[1] Once its orbital inclination is known, the mass will be calculable. More tilted orientations imply a higher mass, with 90% of possible orientations implying a mass below 3 M.[15] The planet's exact radius is unknown. If it has a rocky composition and a density equal to that of the Earth, then its radius is at least 1.1 R. It could be larger if it has a lower density than the Earth, or a mass higher than the minimum mass.[16] Like many super-Earth sized planets, Proxima Centauri b could have an icy composition like Neptune, with a thick layer of hydrogen on its surface; the likelihood that this is the case has been calculated to be greater than 10%.[7] The planet has an equilibrium temperature of 234 K (−39 °C; −38 °F).[1]

### Host star

The planet orbits an M-type red dwarf named Proxima Centauri. The star has a mass of 0.12 M and a radius of 0.14 R.[1] It has a surface temperature of 3042 K[3] and is 4.85 billion years old.[17] In comparison, the Sun is 4.6 billion years old [18] and has a surface temperature of 5778 K.[19] Proxima Centauri rotates once roughly every 83 days,[20] and has a luminosity about 0.0015 L.[1] Like the two larger stars in the triple star system, Proxima Centauri is rich in metals compared with the Sun, something not normally found in low-mass stars like Proxima. Its metallicity ([Fe/H]) is 0.21, or 1.62 times the amount found in the Sun's atmosphere.[5][note 1]

Even though Proxima Centauri is the closest star to the Sun, it is not visible to the unaided eye from Earth because of its low luminosity (apparent magnitude of 11.13[21]).

Proxima Centauri is a flare star.[22] This means that it undergoes occasional dramatic increases in brightness and high-energy emissions because of magnetic activity that would create large solar storms. On March 18, 2016 a superflare was observed with an energy of 10^33.5 erg [23]. The surface irradiation was estimated to be 100 times what is required to kill even UV-hardy microorganisms. Based on the rate of observed flares, total ozone depletion of an Earth-like atmosphere would occur within several hundred thousand years.

## Habitability

Artist's conception of the surface of Proxima Centauri b. The Alpha Centauri binary system can be seen in the background, to the upper right of Proxima

The habitability of Proxima Centauri b has not been established,[12][13] since the planet is subject to stellar wind pressures of more than 2,000 times those experienced by Earth from the solar wind.[12][27] This radiation and the stellar winds would likely blow any atmosphere away, leaving the undersurface as the only potentially habitable location on that planet.[28]

The exoplanet is orbiting within the habitable zone of Proxima Centauri, the region where, with the correct planetary conditions and atmospheric properties, liquid water may exist on the surface of the planet. The host star, with about an eighth of the mass of the Sun, has a habitable zone between ∼0.0423–0.0816 AU.[1] In October 2016, researchers at France's CNRS research institute stated that there is a considerable chance of the planet harboring surface oceans and having a thin atmosphere.[29] However, unless the planet transits in front of its star from the perspective of Earth, it is difficult to test these hypotheses.

Even though Proxima Centauri b is in the habitable zone, the planet's habitability has been questioned because of several potentially hazardous physical conditions. The exoplanet is close enough to its host star that it might be tidally locked.[30] In this case, it is expected that any habitable areas would be confined to the border region between the two extreme sides, generally referred to as the terminator line, since it is only here that temperatures might be suitable for liquid water to exist.[31] If the planet's orbital eccentricity is 0, this could result in synchronous rotation, with one hot side permanently facing towards the star, while the opposite side is in permanent darkness and freezing cold.[32][33] However, Proxima Centauri b's orbital eccentricity is not known with certainty, only that it is below 0.35—potentially high enough for it to have a significant chance of being captured into a 3:2 spin-orbit resonance similar to that of Mercury, where Proxima b would rotate around its axis approximately every 7.5 Earth days with about 22.4 Earth days elapsing between one sunrise and the next.[14][34][35] Resonances as high as 2:1 are also possible.[14][35]

The European Southern Observatory estimates that if water and an atmosphere are present, a far more hospitable environment would result. Assuming an atmospheric N2 pressure of 1 bar and ∼0.01 bar of CO2, in a world including oceans with average temperatures similar to those on Earth, a wide equatorial belt (non-synchronous rotation), or the majority of the sunlit side (synchronous rotation), would be permanently ice-free.[36][35] A large portion of the planet may be habitable if it has an atmosphere thick enough to transfer heat to the side facing away from the star.[31] If it has an atmosphere, simulations suggest that the planet could have lost about as much as the amount of water that Earth has due to the early irradiation in the first 100–200 million years after the planet's formation. Liquid water may be present only in the sunniest regions of the planet's surface in pools either in an area in the hemisphere of the planet facing the star or—if the planet is in a 3:2 resonance rotation—diurnally in the equatorial belt.[14][35] All in all, astrophysicists consider the ability of Proxima Centauri b to retain water from its formation as the most crucial point in evaluating the planet's present habitability.[37] The planet may be within reach of telescopes and techniques that could reveal more about its composition and atmosphere, if it has any.[12]

## Formation

It is unlikely that Proxima Centauri b originally formed in its current orbit since disk models for small stars like Proxima Centauri would contain less than one Earth mass M of matter within the central one AU at the time of their formation. This implies that either Proxima Centauri b was formed elsewhere in a manner still to be determined, or the current disc models for stellar formation are in need of revision.[1]

## Discovery

The first indications of the exoplanet were found in 2013 by Mikko Tuomi of the University of Hertfordshire from archival observation data.[20][38] To confirm the possible discovery, the European Southern Observatory launched the Pale Red Dot[note 3] project in January 2016.[39] On 24 August 2016 the team of 31 scientists from all around the world,[40] led by Guillem Anglada-Escudé of Queen Mary University of London, confirmed the existence of Proxima Centauri b[17] through their research, published in a peer-reviewed article in Nature.[41][1][30][42][43][44]

The measurements were done using two spectrographs, HARPS on the ESO 3.6 m Telescope at La Silla Observatory and UVES on the 8-metre Very Large Telescope.[1] The peak radial velocity of the host star combined with the orbital period allowed for the minimum mass of the exoplanet to be calculated. The chance of a false positive detection is less than one in ten million.[20]

Observational complications of the system still leave theoretical room for additional large planets to orbit Proxima Centauri. Calculations suggest that another super-Earth planet around the star cannot be ruled out and that its presence would not destabilize the orbit of Proxima Centauri b.[1]

## Future observations

The Very Large Telescope and the star system Alpha Centauri.[45]

A team of scientists think they can image Proxima Centauri b and probe the planet's atmosphere for signs of oxygen, water vapor, and methane, combining ESPRESSO and SPHERE on the VLT.[46] The James Webb Space Telescope may be able to characterize the atmosphere of Proxima Centauri b,[47] but there is no conclusive evidence for transits combining MOST and HATSouth photometry, giving it less than a 1 percent chance of being a transiting planet.[48] Future telescopes (the Extremely Large Telescope, the Giant Magellan Telescope, and the Thirty Meter Telescope) could have the capability to characterize Proxima Centauri b.

The discovery of Proxima b was significant to Breakthrough Starshot, a proof of concept project aiming to send a fleet of miniature probes to the Alpha Centauri system.[49] The project is led by research company Breakthrough Initiatives, and plans to develop and launch a fleet of miniature unmanned spacecraft called StarChips,[50] which could travel at up to 20% of the speed of light,[51][52] arriving at the system in roughly 20 years with notification reaching Earth a little over 4 years later.[10]

### 2069 Alpha Centauri mission

In 2017, Breakthrough Initiatives and the European Southern Observatory (ESO) entered a collaboration to enable and implement a search for habitable planets in the nearby star system, Alpha Centauri. The agreement involves Breakthrough Initiatives providing funding for an upgrade to the VISIR (VLT Imager and Spectrometer for mid-Infrared) instrument on ESO’s Very Large Telescope (VLT) in Chile.[45]

## Notes

1. ^ Taken from 100.21, which gives 1.62 times the metallicity of the Sun
2. ^ From knowing the absolute visual magnitude of Proxima Centauri, ${\displaystyle \scriptstyle M_{V_{\ast }}=15.6}$, and the absolute visual magnitude of the Sun, ${\displaystyle \scriptstyle M_{V_{\odot }}=4.83}$, the visual luminosity of Proxima Centauri can be calculated: ${\displaystyle \scriptstyle {\frac {L_{V_{\ast }}}{L_{V_{\odot }}}}=10^{0.4\left(M_{V_{\odot }}-M_{V_{\ast }}\right)}}$ = 4.92×10−5. Proxima Centauri b orbits at 0.0485 AU and so therefore, through use of the inverse-square law, the visual luminosity—intensity at the planet's distance—can be calculated: ${\displaystyle \scriptstyle 4.92*10^{-5}\ *\ \scriptstyle {\left({\frac {1}{0.0485}}\right)^{2}}\ =\ 0.0209}$
3. ^ Pale Red Dot is a reference to Pale Blue Dot—a distant photo of Earth taken by Voyager 1.

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